Defensive cost–benefit analysis of smart grid digital functionalities

Modern smart grids offer several types of digital control and monitoring electric power transmission distribution that enable greater efficiency integrative functionality than traditional grids. These benefits, however, introduce complexity greatly disrupt expand the threat landscape. The number vulnerabilities is increasing as grid-connected devices proliferate. potential costs to society these are difficult determine, their likelihoods successful exploitation. In this article, we present a method for comparing net economic benefits various cyber-functionalities associated with from perspective cyberattack defending against them. considerations cyber defense spending suggest existence optimal levels expenditures, which might vary among functionalities. We illustrate hypothetical case studies on how functionalities can be assessed compared respect them cyberattacks.